Thus everything healthy is related to health, one thing because it preserves health, another because it causes it, another because it is a sign of it (as urine) and still another because it is receptive of it. The term being is used in many senses, but with reference to one thing and to some one nature and not equivocally. Therefore the first causes of being as being must also be understood by us. Hence, if those who sought the elements of beings sought these principles, they must be the elements of beings not in any accidental way but inasmuch as they are beings. Now since we are seeking the principles and ultimate causes of things, it is evident that these must be of themselves the causes of some nature. This, for example, is what the mathematical sciences do.Ģ96. This science is not the same as any of the so-called particular sciences for none of the other sciences attempt to study being as being in general, but cutting off some part of it they study the accidents of this part. There is a certain science which studies being as being and the attributes which necessarily belong to being.Ģ95. LESSON 1 The Proper Subject Matter of This Science: Being as Being, and Substance and Accidents ARISTOTLE’S TEXT Chapters 1 & 2: 1003a-1003b 22Ģ94. Rejection of the opinions that Everything Is True and False, and that Everything Is at Rest and in Motion How Heraclitus and Anaxagoras Influenced This Position LESSON 17 Contraries Cannot Belong to the Same Subject at the Same Time LESSON 16 Refutation of the View that Contradictories Can Be Shown to Be True at the Same Time. Seven Arguments against the View that Truth Consists in Appearances LESSON 15 Two Reasons Why Some Identify Truth with Appearances LESSON 13Ĭhange in Sensible Things Not Opposed to Their Truth LESSON 14 The Reason Why Some Considered Appearances to Be True LESSON 12 The Procedure Against Those Who Say that Contradictories Are True at the Same Time LESSON 11 Three Further Arguments Against Those Who Deny the First Principle LESSON 10 Other Arguments Against the Foregoing Position LESSON 9 The Errors about It LESSON 7Ĭontradictories Cannot Be True at the Same Time LESSON 8 Its Distinction from Logic LESSON 5Īnswers to Questions Raised in Book III about Principles of Demonstration LESSON 6įirst Philosophy Must Examine the First Principle of Demonstration. The Method of Treating These LESSON 4įirst Philosophy Considers All Contraries. The Same Science Considers Unity and Plurality and All Opposites. The Parts of Philosophy Based on the Divisions of Being and Unity LESSON 3 The Proper Subject Matter of This Science: Being as Being, and Substance and Accidents LESSON 2 Thomas Aquinas: Commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics, Book 4: English METAPHYSICSīOOK IV THE SUBJECT OF METAPHYSICS, DEMONSTRATIVELY
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